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Leiomyoma with Bizarre Nuclei: A Stagnant Precursor to Leiomyosarcoma?

Tingting Gao1,2 , Chunfang Ha2 , Ping Yin3 , Qing Zhang4 , Yongchao Huang5 , Young Dai5 , Serdar E. Bulun3 and Jian-Jun Wei1,3

Leiomyoma with bizarre nuclei (LM-BN) is a rare uterine smooth muscle tumor characterized by a remarkable nuclear atypia reminiscent of its malignant counterpart leiomyosarcoma (LMS). While it presents with an overall benign clinical course, the biological nature and pathogenesis of LM-BN remains largely unknown. The controversy about the rÄ?ůÄ?Æ?ŽnƐÅ?ŝÆ? between LM-BN and benign and malignant uterine smooth muscle tumors remains unresolved. To date, the diagnosis of LM-BN relies mainly on morphological cÅ?Ä?rÄ?cÆ?Ä?rŝƐÆ?cƐÍ? and no Ä?Ä«Ä?cÆ?Ç?Ä? molecular markers have been established. Here we describe and summarize recent progress in understanding this unique tumor Ä?nÆ?Æ?yÍ? with a focus on new Ä®nÄ?ŝnŐƐ regarding molecular and genomic Ä?ůÆ?Ä?rÄ?Æ?ŽnƐ and the Æ?ŽÆ?Ä?nÆ?Ä?ů rÄ?ůÄ?Æ?ŽnƐÅ?ŝÆ? of LM-BN with LMS.